Drugs can be administered via various routes depending on their intended effect, pharmacokinetics, and patient factors. The common routes of drug use are:
- Oral Route: This is the most common and convenient method, where drugs are swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include tablets, capsules, and syrups. It is non-invasive but slower in onset due to digestion and metabolism.
- Inhalation: Drugs are inhaled as vapors or aerosols, allowing for rapid absorption through the lungs. This route is common for anesthetics, respiratory medications, and recreational substances like nicotine.
- Injection: This includes intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) routes. IV injections provide immediate effects by delivering drugs directly into the bloodstream, while IM and SC methods have slower absorption rates.
- Topical: Drugs are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for localized or systemic effects. Examples include creams, patches, and eye drops.
- Rectal or Vaginal: Suppositories and gels can be inserted rectally or vaginally for local or systemic effects, useful in cases of nausea or when oral administration is not feasible.
- Sublingual and Buccal: Drugs placed under the tongue or between the gums and cheek bypass the digestive system, allowing for rapid absorption.
Each route has specific advantages and limitations, influencing the drug’s effectiveness and patient compliance.